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per quod
Per quod is a Latin phrase (meaning ''whereby'') used to illustrate that the existence of a thing or an idea is on the basis of external circumstances not explicitly known or stated.
==Legal Example==
"Statements are considered defamatory ''per quod'' if the defamatory character of the statement is not apparent on its face, and extrinsic facts are required to explain its defamatory meaning." ''Kolegas v. Heftel Broadcasting Corp''., 607 N.E.2d 201, 206 (Ill. 1992).
With defamation ''per quod'', the plaintiff has to prove actual monetary and general damages, as compared to defamation ''per se'' where the special damages are presumed.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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